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wireless electricity
Author: saravanakumar
Unlike the far field wireless power transmission systems based on traveling electro-magnetic waves, WiTricity employs near field inductive coupling through magnetic fields similar to those found in transformers except that the primary coil and secondary winding are physically separated, and tuned to resonate to increase their magnetic coupling. These tuned magnetic fields generated by the primary coil can be arranged to interact vigorously with matched secondary windings in distant equipment but far more weakly with any surrounding objects or materials such as radio signals or biological tissue.
In particular, WiTricity is based on using 'strongly-coupled' resonances to achieve a high power-transmission efficiency. Aristeidis Karalis, referring to the team's experimental demonstration, says that "the usual non-resonant magnetic induction would be almost 1 million times less efficient in this particular system". Researchers attribute the delay to develop the technology to limitations of well-known physical laws and a simple lack of need. Only recently have modern consumers obtained a high number of portable electronic devices which currently require batteries and plug-in chargers
Introduction to Witricity:
Electricity is today a necessity of modern life. It is difficult to imagine passing a day without electricity. The conventional use of electricity is made possible through the use of wires. However researchers in MIT have devised a means of providing electricity without any wires.
WiTricity, a portmanteau for wireless electricity, is a term coined initially by Dave Gerding in 2005 and used by an MIT research team led by Prof. Marin Soljačić in 2007. This principle of wireless electricity works on the principle of using coupled resonant objects for the transference of electricity. The system consists of WiTricity transmitters and receivers that contain magnetic loop antennas critically tuned to the same frequency. Wireless power transmission is not a new idea; Nikola Tesla demonstrated a "transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891.
The receiver works on the same principle as radio receivers where the device has to be in the range of the transmitter. It is with the help of resonant magnetic fields that witrecity produces electricity, while reducing the wastage of power. This is unlike the principle adopted by Nikola Tesla in the later part of the 19th century; where conduction based systems were used. The present project on witricity aims at power transmissions in the range of 100 watts. May be the products using WiTricity in future might be called Witric or Witric's.
So far the MIT researchers have been able to power a 60 watt light bulb from a power source that is located about seven feet away, while providing forty percent efficiency. This was made possible using two copper coils that were twenty inches in diameter which were designed so that they resonated together in the MHz range. One of these coils were connected to a power source while the other, to a bulb. With this witricity setup, the bulb got powered even when the coils were not in sight.
WiTricity Technology: The Basics
Understanding what WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance without wires is quite simple. Understanding how it works is a bit more involved, but it doesn't require an engineering degree. We'll start with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the WiTricity technology.
Electricity: The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another.
Magnetism: A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator and the earth's magnetic field, are examples of objects having constantmagnetic fields. Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines.
As electric current, I, flows in a wire, it gives rise to a magnetic field, B, which wraps around the wire. When the current reverses direction, the magnetic field also reverses its direction.
The blue lines represent the magnetic field that is created when current flows through a coil. When the current reverses direction, the magnetic field also reverses its direction.
Electromagnetism: A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.
Magnetic Induction: A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an alternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may "capture" some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electrical power transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and referred to as magnetic induction. Some common examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric generators.
Energy/Power Coupling: Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train car the mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train, and overcome the forces of friction and inertia that keep the train still and, the train moves. Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object
An electric transformer is a device that uses magnetic induction to transfer energy from its primary winding to its secondary winding, without the windings being connected to each other. It is used to "transform" AC current at one voltage to AC current at a different voltage.
interacts with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a powered device. In contrast to the example of mechanical coupling given for the train, magnetic coupling does not require any physical contact between the object generating the energy and the object receiving or capturing that energy.
Resonance:
This video shows how a wine glass captures sound energy that ocillates at its natural resonant frequency, converts it to mechanical energy that causes the glass to deform at that same frequency and eventually causing it to shatter.
Resonance: Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is determined by the length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the child efficiently transfer energy to the system. The resonant frequency depends on the size, shape and thickness of the material.
Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.
Two idealized resonant magnetic coils, shown in yellow. The blue and red color bands illustrate their magnetic fields. The coupling of their respective magnetic fields is indicated by the connection of the colorbands.
WiTricity Technology: WiTricity power sources and capture devices are specially designed magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via the magnetic near-field. These proprietary source and device designs and the electronic systems that control them support efficient energy transfer over distances that are many times the size of the sources/devices themselves.
The WiTricity power source, left, is connected to AC power. The blue lines represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source. The yellow lines represent the flow of energy from the source to the WiTicity capture coil, which is shown powering a light bulb. Note that this diagram also shows how the magnetic field (blue lines) can wrap around a conductive obstacle between the power source and the capture device.
WORKING OF WITRICITY:
STEP 1:
A circuit [A] attached to the wall socket converts the standard 60-hertz current to 10 megahertz and feeds it to the transmitting coil [B]. The oscillating current inside the transmitting coil causes the coil to emit a 10-megahertz magnetic field.
STEP 2:
The receiving coil [C] has the exact same dimensions as the sending coil and thus resonates at the same frequency and, in a process called magnetic induction, picks up the energy of the first coil's magnetic field.
STEP 3:
The energy of the oscillating magnetic field induces an electrical current in the receiving coil, lighting the bulb [D].
WiTricity's technology is different than:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI):
MRI machines use "magnetic resonance imaging" to produce diagnostic images of soft tissue.Many people assume that WiTricity's "Resonant Magnetic Coupling" must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, however, the technologies are similar in name only. MRI is, as its name suggests, a technology for using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft tissue in the human body. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to orient the magnetic fields of atoms within tissues, and radio frequency fields to manipulate those atoms in a selective way, so that tissues and structures can be imaged clearly. The "resonance" referred to in "MRI" refers to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not considered to be a method for wireless power transfer.
Tesla's Vision of a Wireless World
In the late 1800's and early 1900's, at the dawn of the electrification of the modern world, some scientists and engineers believed that using wires to transfer electricity from every place it was generated to every place that it could be used would be too expensive to be practical. Nikola Tesla, one of the most well known of these scientists, had a vision for a wireless world in which wireless electric power and communications would reach around the world, delivering information and power to ships at sea, factories, and every home on the planet. Tesla contributed significantly to our understanding of electricity and electrical systems and is credited with inventing three-phase AC power systems, induction motors, fluorescent lamps, radio transmission, and various modes of wireless electric power transfer. WiTricity technology for power transfer is different than the technologies proposed by Tesla, but his work is referenced and acknowledged in the scientific articles published by WiTricity's founding technical team.
Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe tower built on Long Island, NY in 1904. This tower was intended to implement Tesla's vision of transmitting power and information around the world. The tower was destroyed in 1917.
Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is Safe for People and Animals:
WiTricity's technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organisms people and animals and are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world renowned physicist, explains: "The body really responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave. But it doesn't respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cooktops. Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost completely contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and magnetic fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus WiTricitytechnology doesn't give rise to radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals.
Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC, ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. WiTricitytechnology is being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation.
ADVANTAGES OF WITRICITY:
More Convenient:
- No manual recharging or changing batteries.
- Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.
More Reliable:
- Never run out of battery power.
- Reduce product failure rates by fixing the ‘weakest link': flexing wiring and mechanical interconnects.
- There is no need of having a line of sight.
More Environmentally Friendly:
- Reduce use of disposable batteries.
- Use efficient electric ‘grid power' directly instead of inefficient battery charging.
WiTricitytechnology can be used to provide:
- Direct Wireless Power—when all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its WiTricity power source.
- Automatic Wireless Charging—when a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power source.
WITRICITY IN FUTURE:
Just imagine the future, with witricity, where there will be no need of power cables and batteries. The city just has to be covered with witricity hot spots wherein you can use your electric gadget battery and wire free making it more convenient to carry around and much lighter. With witricity, there will be no need of charging batteries, or buying new batteries for your electrical gadgets.
APPLICATIONS:
Consumer Electronics:
- Automatic wireless charging of mobile electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots … while devices are in use and mobile.
- Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen TV's, digital picture frames, home theater accessories, wireless loud speakers, etc.) … eliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and "wall-wart" power supplies.
- Direct wireless powering of desktop PC peripherals: wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display, etc… eliminating disposable batteries and awkward cabling.
Industrial:
- Direct wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and moving "joints" (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools) … eliminating costly and failure-prone wiring.
- Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) … where it is impractical or impossible to run wires.
Transportation:
- Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks.
- Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.
Other Applications:
- Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrilator, etc.).
- Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.).
- Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards.
- Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc.
Conclusion:
WiTricity's technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organisms—people and animals—and are scientifically regarded to be safe. WiTricity products are being designed to comply with applicable safety standards and regulations. Hence witricity is technology safe.witricity can transfer power depends on the source and receivers. if it is relatively close to one another, and can exceed 95%.Efficiency is primarily determined by the distance between the power source and capture device, however, the shape may impact the efficiency. it can transfer the power through walls also. Traditional magnetic induction requires that the power source and capture device be very close to one another usually within millimeters to transfer power efficiently. WiTricitytechnology is based on sharply resonant strong coupling, and is able to transfer power efficiently even when the distances between the power source and capture device are several times the size of the devices themselves.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/wireless-electricity-2769688.html
About the Author
this is my article about wireless electricity and if u want to give any comments please give it with pleasure..
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which one did you believe the most?
which one did you believe the most big crunch or continue expanding
For me it going to be continue to expanding. Before I believe in Big Crunch theory, but since I watch about dark energy and dark matter I wipe that theory out from my head and believe in the other one instead. CE or Continue to expanding theory. Edwin Hubble found this by looking at supernovae(If I not remember it wrong it was Type II) and he use redshift(Look at the supernovae spectrum(Electromagnetic wave create up from electric and magnetic moving in traverse wave) if the light was blue-purple that mean the distance from our planet to that supernovae is not quiet far away because the the blue-purple lambda(wave length) is low, but frequency is high(And the rate of the wave depend on first frequency and lambda). So if that supernovae near to our planet it definitely going to be blue-purple color) to calculate the distance that how far is that supernovae and then later. He come back to take a look at that supernovae again and he found the change of the distance(The spectrum of that supernovae is changed from blue-purple to red that mean the distance of it has change because if that supernovae is far away the spectrum will be red because the lambda of it is stretch so the light of it will be lower than before and the frequency of it is low(low frequency mean low energy high F high E)). And by founding this it wipe out a cosmological constant theory of Albert Einstein. And he believe that it going to have a force that make a space keep expanding which are now called dark energy which in our space about 73%
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.png
I need help with physics homework.?
1.) The electromagnetic wave is a consequence of _______ electric and magnetic fields that move through space.
Parallel
Changing
Unchanging
None of the Above
2.) The direction of an induced magnetic field is always at ____ degrees to a changing electric field.
0 degrees
45 degrees
90 degrees
180 degrees
3.) Energy found on the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength shorter than UV that provides doctors a useful tool for the analysis of bone structure is:
Radio waves
Microwaves
Gamma Rays
X-Rays
4.) Who postulated the idea that a changing electric field produces a changing magnetic field?
Ampere
Maxwell
Faraday
Gauss
5.) Which of the following has the largest Velocity?
Radio Waves
Light Waves
X-Rays
None of the above
6.) Which of the following has the largest frequency?
Radio Waves
Light Waves
X-Rays
None of the above
7.) Which of the following has the largest wavelength?
Radio Waves
Light Waves
X-Rays
None of the above
8.) Which of the following has the highest energy?
Radio Waves
Light Waves
X-Rays
None of the above
9.) The magnitude of the electric field vector is related to the magnitude of the magnetic field vector:
Inversely
Linearly
They are equal
None of the above
10.) If a flow of electrons is being passed in a wire that runs along an x, y, z Cartesian coordinate system from 0 to +x, the direction of the magnetic flux at any one instant could be in the:
X direction
Z or X direction
Y or X direction
Z or Y directioN
Special Relativity: problem with “moving clocks run slow”…?
Special Relativity: problem with “moving clocks run slow”…?
I can imagine being Superman (or some creature with godly-abilities) and I imagine riding alongside electricity as it raced down a telegraph wire. When he was sixteen, Einstein askked himself a similar question: what would a light beam look like if you could catch up to it? Einstein would recall, “Such a principle resulted from a paradox upon which I had already hit at the age of sixteen: If I pursue a beam of light with the velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I should observe such a beeam of light as a spatially oscillatory electromagnetic field at rest………However, there seems to be no such thing,
whether on the basis of experience or according to Maxwell’s equationss.”
As a child, Einstein thought that if you could race alongside a light beam, it should appear frozen, like a motionless wave. However, no one had ever seen frozen light, so something was terribly wrong. At the turn of the century, there were two great pillars of physics upon which everything rested: Newton’s theory of mechanics and gravity, and ..Maxwell’s theory of light. In the 1860s, Scottish physicist Jammes Clerk Maxwell had shown that light consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields constantly changing into each other.
What Einstein discovered, much to his shock, was that these two pillars
were in contradiction to each other, but how’z that possible?! !Furthermore,he belive that that one of them had to fall. wWithin Maxwell’s equations, he fouund the solution to the puzzle that had haunted him for ten years. But thenEinstein found something that Maxwell himself had missed: Maxwell’s equations showed that light traveled at a constant velocity, no matter how fast you tried to catch up to it. The speed of light c was the same in all inertial frames (tthat is, frammes traveling at constant velocity). Whether you were standing still, riding on a train, or sitting on a speeding comet, you would see a light beam racing ahead of you at the same speed. No matter how fast you moved, you could never outrace light. This immediately led to a thicket of paradoxes. Imagine, for the moment, an astronaut trying to catch up to a speeding light beam..The astronaut blasts off in his rocket ship until he is racing neckand- neck with the light beam. A bystander on Earth witnessing this hypothetical chase would claim that the astronaut and the light beam were moving side by side to each other. However, the astronaut would say something completely different, that the light beam sped away from him, just as if his rocket ship were at rest. The question confronting Einstein was: how can two people have such different interpretations of the same event? In Newton’s theory,one could always catch up to a light beam; in Einstein’s world, this was impossible. There was, he suddenly realized, a fundamental
flaw in the very foundation of physics. In the spring of 1905, Einstein recalled, “a storm broke out in my mind.” In one stroke, he finally found the solution: time beats at different rates, depending on how fast you move. In fact, the faster you move, the slower time progresses!!
Time is not an absolute, as Newton once thougt.According to Newton, time beat in.uniformly throughout the universe, so that the passage of one second on Earth was identical to one second on Jupiter or Mars. Clocks beat in absolute synchronization throughout the universe. This is what Newwton thought, which I disagee with.To Einstein, however, different clocks beat at different rates throughout the universe. If time could change depending on your velocity, Einstein realized, then other quantities, such as length, matter, and energy, should also change. He found that the faster you moved, the more distances contracted (which is sometimes called the Lorentz- FitzGerald contraction). Similarly, the faster you moved, the heavier you became. (In fact, as you approached the speed of light, time would slow down to a stop, distances would contract to nothing, and your mass would become infinite, which are all absurd. This is the reason why you cannot break the light barrier, which is the ultimatespeed limit in the universe.
So therefore, please refer to my numbered questions as follows:
1.What would a light-beam and the outside world look like if you could race along it at exactly the speed of light?
2.Can the universe exapdn faster than the speed of light? I suppose this expansion requires infinite energy to propel the fabric of space-time faster than the speed of light?
3.What, exactly, is the “fabric” of space?
4.Time is flawed. The whole definition of “time” is wher physicists have gone wrong. How can time decrease with speed?
5.Most importantly: EXACTLY why does moving clocks run slow? I tried to fiddle around with reading the Relativity theory, I ignored the difficult parts. However, I have a rather stupid idea. Suppose I threw a pocket-watch at close to the speed of light (not possible, I know,
5. Continued: if the clock reaches the speed of light, it will increase in mass, so it becomes more difficult for the battery fo the clock to move the arms that are now heavier. So this creates the illusion of “slowing down time”.
Sorry for the long question. Lmao.
I need help with my reading hw!?
I need to find the defintion and example.
Throw a stone into a lake: water waves move outward from the splash. Clap your hands: sound waves carry the noise all around. Switch on a lamp: light waves illuminate the room Water waves, sound waves, and light waves are very different from one another in important respects, but all have in common the basic properties of wave motion. A wave is a periodic disturbance — a back and fourth change of some kind (of water height in the case of water waves of air pressure in the case of sound waves, of electric and magnetic fields in the case of light waves) that spreads out from a source and carries energy as it goes. Information, too, can be carried by waves; this is how sights and sounds reach us.
helppp plzz fast 2 its a test i need help with!!!?
1. _____ is thermal energy that flows between objects due to a difference in temperature.
(1 point)
Radiation
Heat
Joule
Power
2. Imagine you pour some hot soup into a bowl. You place your hands on the outside of the bowl and feel that the bowl is very warm. How did the heat get from the soup through the bowl to your hands?
(1 point)
osmosis
radiation
conduction
convection
3. How does sound energy travel?
(1 point)
in strings
in beams
in pulses
in waves
4. An oscilloscope is a machine that gives a picture of a sound wave. Low-pitched sounds have wide waves, and high-pitched sounds have thin waves. Which sound below has the highest pitch?
(1 point)
F
G
H
J
5. Why can’t we hear sounds in space?
(1 point)
because space is too cold for sound waves to travel
because there is no matter in space
because space is a vacuum
because energy cannot travel in space
6. The height of a sound wave is called its _____.
(1 point)
amplitude
altitude
attitude
atmosphere
7. How do whales, bats, and dolphins use echolocation?
(1 point)
to scare away predators
to orient themselves and to find food
to attract mates
to tell other animals of their species where they are
8. What is light?
(1 point)
a wave of vibrating electric and magnetic energy
a wave that travels by compressions
a wave that travels by rarefactions
a state of matter
9. The sun appears to move across the sky each day. What time of day will the shadow be shortest?
(1 point)
sunrise
noon
sunset
midnight
10. The picture shows what a concave lens does to light shining through it. The picture of the object that comes through the lens is _____.
(1 point)
bigger and right-side up
smaller and upside-down
bigger and upside-down
smaller and right-side up
11. Emily and her science lab partner made a complete circuit by attaching a light bulb to some wires and a battery.
Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in the complete circuit? (1 point)
lightbulb, wire, battery, lightbulb, wire
battery, wire, lightbulb, wire, battery
battery, lightbulb, battery, lightbulb
wire, battery, wire, battery
12. A(n) _____ is an electric circuit that produces a magnetic field.
(1 point)
magnetic battery
coil magnet
coil circuit
electromagnet
13. Resistance to electricity is measured in ______. (1 point)
watts
amps
volts
ohms
14. An electromagnet works because _______. (1 point)
moving electrons generate magnetic forces
alternating current completes a circuit
a generator is powerful
electrons flow through copper wire
15. An electromagnet is different from a permanent magnet because an electromagnet ________. (1 point)
is magnetic
can push and pull
can attract some metals
can turn on and off
Note: your teacher will review your responses to questions 16–18 to ensure you receive proper credit for your answers.
16. If a material conducts heat easily, it is a good _____.
(1 point)
17. _____ is the distance between one peak and the next in a wave.
(1 point)
18. A(n) _____ is a cut piece of clear glass or plastic in the form of a triangle or other geometric shape.
(1 point)
Note: your teacher will grade your responses to questions 19–20 to ensure you receive proper credit for your answers. Remember to use complete sentences when answering these questions.
19. Explain why compass needles do not point to Earth’s geographic north pole. (2 points)
20. If you were trying to heat soup, would you want to use a good thermal conductor or a good thermal insulator? Explain your answer.
(3 points)
its a study guide
omg seriously!!!! these answers are super easy! im in sixth grade and i know every single one of these! but u know what…… this is a test so u should probably be doing it yourself
1) You cannot move along next to light as it is propagating. This is what Einstein’s special relativity is all about. For a simple, easy-to-read, low-math explanation of special relativity, I would recommend, of course, Einstein’s “Relativity.”
2) The universe in fact can expand faster than the speed of light, thanks to our friend the cosmological constant. This is a factor in cosmology that we don’t truly understand, and yet we detect that it is there. It is an outward force on the expansion of space-time.
3) The “fabric” of space is the whole of space-time. Again, a special relativity book would help.
4) Time is not flawed. The physicists are right. Once again I direct your to a special relativity book.
5) This is a misunderstanding of special relativity. It has nothing to do with the mechanics of the clock at high speeds. Time itself moves slower for the clock. If you were to move at close to the speed of light, you would age slower than someone who was not.
These are good questions, but they can’t really be answered in a blurb on yahoo. Read a special relativity book and I would urge you not to ignore the “difficult” parts. Move at your own pace through it, it’s not that tough once you get into it.
i’ll do some of them for you
3 xrays
4 gauss
5 light waves
6 x rays
7 radio waves
A wave is a periodic disturbance……… Do you need an example of each wave?
Even with dark matter and energy in the universe, the Big Crunch is possible, it does not ultimately defeat the theory. In fact for the aeons this expansion has occurred for, the universe has deviated minimally from the omega value of one in the critical density calculation. Seeing as this value is a ratio of the actual density of matter in the universe to the density of matter needed to one day bring cosmic expansion to a halt, the value being, for all intents and purposes, one yields that the universe is relatively flat. A flat universe contains sufficient density to bring the universe to a halt and (possibly) collapse it, BUT, we know it will take a very long time for any effect of gravitation to be observed, slowing the expansion rate. Even then, because of dark energy and the possible nature of it, it may actually allow for ad infinitum expansion, so long as the density does not swing well above one, to close the universe and make collapse nearly inevitable. With what we know about the universe now, we understand that the density of matter affects the strength of gravitation attempting to stop cosmic expansion and that dark energy yields two possibilities for our current universe (assuming omega does not deviate from one by too much) 1.) gravitation eventually wins out, pulling the universe to a halt and possibly contracting it or 2.) dark energy, acting as a sort of cosmological constant could cause ad infinitum expansion.
Now, there are other ‘death’ scenarios where dark energy, while preventing cosmic collapse, would actually tear the universe apart, this is called the ‘Big Rip’ and would occur possibly in a flat universe scenario, if expansion were to continue–> the speed at which dark energy propels the universe could become too great and literally shred apart existence. This form of eternal expansion can also cause the ‘Big Freeze’ where the temperature becomes so cold in the universe, no life can exist. ‘Heat death’ would only be a consequence of a closed universe, if you have heard of that theory before.
If the density of matter in the universe, caused the value of omega to swing below one, the universe will be eternal, in an open shape, comparable to a horse saddle.
And you may have your understanding wrong about the cosmological constant. We are trying to revive it because “modern field theory associates this term with the energy density of the vacuum. For this energy density to be comparable to other forms of matter in the universe, it would require new physics theories. So the addition of a cosmological constant term has profound implications for particle physics and our understanding of the fundamental forces of nature.”