Magnetic Electron

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Magnetic interactions

Author: Carlos Duarte

In course of General Physics, when the exhibition of the Magnetism begins, it is revealed to the student a new aspect of the physical reality. The student is already familiarized with the field of forces of his/her everyday experience:

the gravity field g. With good approach, the field of gravity of the Earth, inside of her and close to his/her surface, it can be identified with his/her gravitation field G, governed by Newton's Law.

Under some aspects, the electrostatic field AND it is similar to the gravitational field G. Particle tends mass m and electric charge q, any null one, generates gravitational field and electrostatic field. Both are central and they follow the Law of the Inverse of the Square of the Distance. The both the Law of Gauss is applied. The both they associate potential energy and potential function.

The field induction magnetostático B generated by continuous electric current exhibits characteristics that surprise the beginner and they present difficulties. Lonely (magnetic monopólo) magnetic pole similar doesn't exist the electrified (electron, proton etc.) particle. The lines of induction of B don't have beginning or end; they surround the current tying her/it according to the Rule of the Right (RMD) Hand. On element of electric current the field B exercises force Fmag. normal the both, according to the Rule (of Fleming) of the Left (RME) Hand. In surbase traveled by electric current the field B can exercise binary (torque) --- beginning of operation of the electric motors. We still mentioned electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves.

The perception of the magnetic phenomena and the assimilation of the correspondent theory, intellectual image of the same ones, they dispute of the student certain abstraction capacity and a convenient domain of mathematical operations. The student that is not satisfied with superficial information and some mathematical formulas knows that is condition sine qua non to habituate to the specific language that for each field of phenomena it was created by researchers in Physics, from Galileu.

In the present work they are suggested try that they can be accomplished without expensive apparel, and that visualize characteristic aspects of the magnetism.

Physics is science that investigates phenomena (systems and processes) concrete, tangible, verifiable for any researcher in the area, all over the world and in any time. Mistakes and frauds are extirpated relentlessly. A body of science stays well based and even so no definitive. Being submitted the incessant and rigorous critical exam, the Physics is open to all productive innovation in his/her field.

General Physics student is motivated when she witnesses processes physical criteriosamente selected to enlarge their knowledge in the focused field. Here is the reason of the present work: to propose experiments of demonstration of some basic magnetic phenomena for the development of all the Magnetism. To know:

the) As the magnetic field is characterized generated by electric current continues?
b) that way the magnetic field acts on driver traveled by electric current?

In the present work it is shown:

- how to obtain the spectrum of a magnetic field;
- how to characterize the force that a magnetic field exercises in an element of electric current;
- how to characterize him/it conjugated (torque) that a magnetic field exercises in surbase current bearer.

Concluding, he/she intends an experiment that evidences the force exercised by magnetic field on metallic body no magnetizável (currents of Foucault, pendulum of Walten-Hofen).

1 - introduction

Forces are classified according to several criteria. According to the point of view, they can interaction being or of inertia, external or internal, printed or you link, preservative or dissipativas, of contact or of field etc.

1.1 - categories of forks

As for his/her origin, the forces are classified conforms the following picture:
of interaction     Gravitational forces

Weak nuclear forces

Electromagnetic forces

Strong nuclear forces
FORCES     
of inertia

Dragging force

Complemental force

At present we will treat of electromagnetic forces. Besides specific characteristics, they possess the general properties of the interaction forces, to know:

. they are exercised mutually among bodies two to two;
. they do not depend on the adopted referencial (inertial, or accelerated that is);
. they follow the Law of Action and Reaction.

1.2 - comparison of interaction forks

Characterized a physical system, it can be compared the intensities of the fundamental forces that you/they act in him. For instance, in atom of hydrogen the proton and the electron are attracted with forces electric Bile. and gravitational Fgrav. , being |Fgrav.| = 10-37 |Bile.|.

In the microcosm they prevail:

. strong (connection in atomic nucleus) interaction.
. electromagnetic (nucleus and crown, 10-3 times the strong interaction) interaction.
. weak (radioactive decline, 10-25 times the electromagnetic interaction) interaction.

In the macrocosm the gravitational attraction prevails (10-12 times the weak interaction; celestial mechanics). Out of the stars it is the gravitation the only force to consider.

1.3 - active forks in daily phenomena

In the routine phenomena we only came across gravitational (I weigh of the bodies and their consequences) interactions and varied electromagnetic interactions. Among these, we mentioned:

. electric current for illumination, operation of appliances, acionamento of electric motors, heating, telephone;
. forces exercised by electric and magnetic fields show, for instance, in ray, oscilloscope catódico, video of TV, magnets and electromagnets;
. electromagnetic waves are applied from the long ones in radiocomunicação up to the Ray-X in x-ray.

1.4 - field forces

Before Faraday (1791 --- 1867) and Maxwell (1831 --- 1879) it was believed in "action at the distance." For instance, appearing an electric charge Q in a point, she would exercise forces instantly on all the other loads circunstantes q1, q2, q3... qi... close or distant.
On the contrary, the research revealed field" "force: the load Q generates an electric field AND, that never invades the space with finite speed larger than the speed of the light in the vacuum, speed limits according to the Theory of the Relativity (Einstein, 1879 --- 1955). The electric force started to have, then, character 'place' --- action of the field, in that area, on the load oh put.
The load Q exercises the force Fi in the load qi, according to the Law of Coulomb. This force is exercised through the field generated by the load Q in the point in that he/she locates the load qi.
Repeating: the real physical being that acts in the load qi is not the distant load Q, but the field AND in the own place of the load qi. Even if the load Q is neutralized in certain instant, the force Fi will continue being exercised in qi until that the field AND if it extinguishes at the place.

For instance: Light is electromagnetic wave. The light that the Earth receives, originating from the Sun, for 8 minutes in the straight line Sun --- Earth. If, for hypothesis, the Sun extinguished instantly in certain instant t, the (t + 8 min) Earth would continue receiving the solar radiation usually, until the date.

1.5 - electric and magnetic forces

Already in the antiquity if they knew the ray, the fire of Santelmo and the attraction of the amber atritado on light (amber, in Greek eléktron) bodies, but if they didn't relate these phenomena amongst themselves. There is about one millennium was discovered the magnetic compass, that is guided in the South direction --- North for action of weak forces exercised in their poles by the magnetic field of the Earth.

In the slow evolution of the knowledge about electric and magnetic actions stands out William Gilbert (1544 --- 1603). Two centuries after, Oersted (1777 --- 1851) it published a sensational discovery: electric current generates magnetic field. With this he/she was born the electromagnetism, that the maturity was taken by the works of Faraday and Maxwell.

1.6 - examples of electric forks

In the atom, the nucleus attracts the electrons of the crown with forces coulombianas. In the molecule, the forces of connection chemistry are coulombianas. In body of a lot of molecules they show cohesion forces and molecular (for instance, elasticity of solids, superficial tension of liquids) adhesion; they are also coulombianas. In Kinetic Theory of the Gasses they are studied collisions intermoleculares, that are interactions coulombianas.

Attrition forces are current of interactions coulombianas among them layer-limits of bodies in contact. In the photosynthesis, the chlorophyll of the vegetables absorbs energy of the originating from electromagnetic radiation the Sun, and with her it promotes the reaction:

6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 2825 kJ ====== > C6H12 O6 + 6O21.7 - examples of magnetic forces

Electric current is electric charge in ordered movement. In the atomic crown, the orbital movement of the electrons and the spin of the same ones they generate important magnetic effects (day -; for - and iron-magnetism, and their consequences).

The magnetic interactions are decisive in the operation of electric motors, transformers, transmission lines, magnetic keys, oscilloscopes etc. Now permanent magnets and powerful electromagnets are built; among their applications he/she stands out railroad with I transmit maintained suspended for magnetic repulsion.

In certain scientific laboratories electromagnetic interactions are applied in accelerators of particles (cíclotron, bétatron, lineal accelerator etc.). With views to the controlled nuclear coalition, they are studied plasmas, gasses in high temperatures, and that can only be confined in magnetic bottles.

1.8 - electromagnetic induction
Magnetic field can generate electric field, therefore, to generate force eletromotriz. In this they are based transformers and generating machines of electric power (dynamos and alternators). Vice-versa, electric field can generate magnetic field. In these processes he/she is based the emission and propagation of electromagnetic waves.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/magnetic-interactions-1576291.html

About the Author

Mechanical Engineer of profession likes to work in the internet and writing. He writes on what likes and it shares site that likes. Visit this site at Gerador de Energia Eletrica and see the Gerador de Energia Caseiro

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